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Geography Standards: Grades K-4
The World in Spatial Terms (Essential Element No. 1)
The geographically informed person knows and understands:
Standard 1--How to use maps and other geographic
representations, tools, and technologies to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The characteristics and purposes of geographic representations-such as maps, globes,
graphs, diagrams, aerial and other photographs, and satellite-produced images.
Knowledge Statement 2--The characteristics and purposes of tools and technologies-such as reference works
and computer-based geographic information systems.
Knowledge Statement 3--How to display spatial information on maps and other geographic representations.
Knowledge Statement 4--How to use appropriate geographic tools and technologies.
Standard 2--How to use mental maps to organize
information about people, places, and environments in a spatial context.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The locations of places within the local community and in nearby communities.
Knowledge Statement 2--The location of Earth's continents and oceans in relation to each other and to principal
parallels and meridians.
Knowledge Statement 3--The location of major physical and human features in the United States and on Earth.
Standard 3--How to analyze the spatial organization
of people, places, and environments on Earth's surface.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The spatial elements of point, line, area, and volume.
Knowledge Statement 2--The spatial concepts of location, distance, direction, scale, movement, and region.
Knowledge Statement 3--That places and features are distributed spatially across Earth's surface.
Knowledge Statement 4--The causes and consequences of spatial interaction on Earth's surface.
Places and Regions (Essential Element No. 2)
The geographically informed person knows and understands:
Standard 4--The physical and human characteristics
of places.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The physical characteristics of places (e.g., landforms, bodies of water, soil, vegetation,
and weather and climate).
Knowledge Statement 2--The human characteristics of places (e.g., population distributions, settlement patterns,
languages, ethnicity, nationality, and religious beliefs).
Knowledge Statement 3--How physical and human processes together shape places.
Standard 5--That people create regions to interpret
Earth's complexity.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The concept of region as an area of Earth's surface with unifying geographic characteristics.
Knowledge Statement 2--The similarities and differences among regions.
Knowledge Statement 3--The ways in which regions change.
Standard 6--How culture and experience influence
people's perceptions of places and regions.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--How to describe the student's own community and region from different perspectives.
Knowledge Statement 2--Ways in which different people perceive places and regions.
Physical Systems (Essential Element No. 3)
The geographically informed person knows and understands:
Standard 7--The physical processes that shape
the patterns of Earth's surface.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The components of Earth's physical systems: the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere,
and biosphere.
Knowledge Statement 2--How patterns (location, distribution, and association) of features on Earth's surface
are shaped by physical processes.
Knowledge Statement 3--How Earth-Sun relations affect conditions on Earth.
Standard 8--The characteristics and spatial distribution
of ecosystems on Earth's surface.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The components of ecosystems.
Knowledge Statement 2--The distribution and patterns of ecosystems.
Knowledge Statement 3--How humans interact with ecosystems.
Human Systems (Essential Element No. 4)
The geographically informed person knows and understands:
Standard 9--The characteristics, distribution,
and migration of human populations on Earth's surface.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The spatial distribution of population.
Knowledge Statement 2--The characteristics of populations at different scales (local to global).
Knowledge Statement 3--The causes and effects of human migration.
Standard 10--The characteristics, distribution,
and complexity of Earth's cultural mosaics.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--How the characteristics of culture affect the ways in which people live.
Knowledge Statement 2--How patterns of culture vary across Earth's surface.
Knowledge Statement 3--How cultures change.
Standard 11--The patterns and networks of economic
interdependence on Earth's surface.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The location and spatial distribution of economic activities.
Knowledge Statement 2--The factors that influence the location and spatial distribution of economic activities.
Knowledge Statement 3--The transportation and communication networks used in daily life.
Standard 12--The processes, patterns, and functions
of human settlement.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The types and spatial patterns of settlement.
Knowledge Statement 2--The factors that affect where peoople settle.
Knowledge Statement 3--How spatial patterns of human settlement change.
Knowledge Statement 4--The spatial characteristics of cities.
Standard 13--How the forces of cooperation and
conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The types of territorial units.
Knowledge Statement 2--The extent and characteristics of political, social, and economic units at different
scales (local to global).
Knowledge Statement 3--How people divide Earth's surface.
Knowledge Statement 4--How cooperation and conflict affect places in the local community.
Environment and Society (Essential Element No. 5)
The geographically informed person knows and understands:
Standard 14--How human actions modify the physical
environment.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--How people depend on the physical environment.
Knowledge Statement 2--How people modify the physical environment.
Knowledge Statement 3--That the physical environment can both accommodate and be endangered by human activities.
Standard 15--How physical systems affect human
systems.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--How variations within the physical environment produce spatial patterns that affect
human adaptation.
Knowledge Statement 2--The ways in which the physical environment provides opportunities for people.
Knowledge Statement 3--The ways in which the physical environment constrains human activities.
Standard 16--The changes that occur in the meaning,
use, distribution, and importance of resources.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The characteristics of renewable, nonrenewable, and flow resources.
Knowledge Statement 2--The spatial distribution of resources.
Knowledge Statement 3--The role of resources in daily life.
The Uses of Geography (Essential Element No. 6)
The geographically informed person knows and understands:
Standard 17--How to apply geography to interpret
the past.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--How places and geographic contexts change over time.
Knowledge Statement 2--That people's perceptions of places and geographic contexts change over time.
Knowledge Statement 3--That geographic contexts influence people and events over time.
Standard 18--How to apply geography to interpret
the present and plan for the future.
By the end of fourth grade, the student knows and understands:
Knowledge Statement 1--The dynamic character of geographic contexts.
Knowledge Statement 2--How people's perceptions affect their interpretations of the world.
Knowledge Statement 3--The spatial dimensions of social and environmental problems.
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Standands
National Standards